In test interpretation, which option best describes norm-referenced testing compared to criterion-referenced testing?

In test interpretation, which option best describes norm-referenced testing compared to criterion-referenced testing?

• A. Norm-referenced compares an individual to a norm group; criterion-referenced compares performance to defined criteria
• B. Norm-referenced compares performance to defined criteria; criterion-referenced compares to norm group
• C. Both compare to a norm group
• D. Both compare to defined criteria

Answer: (B)

In test interpretation, the key idea is what the score is compared to. Norm-referenced testing evaluates an individual's performance against a norm group—the distribution of scores from a representative peer sample. This yields relative standing, such as percentile ranks or standard scores, showing how a person compares to others. Criterion-referenced testing, by contrast, evaluates whether the individual has achieved predefined criteria or mastery of specific skills, regardless of how peers perform. It produces results like mastery yes/no or proficiency levels based on explicit standards. For example, a driving test determines if you meet concrete safety criteria, while a reading assessment might indicate whether you have demonstrated the required literacy skills. So, norm-referenced compares to a norm group, while criterion-referenced compares to defined criteria.

In test interpretation, the key idea is what the score is compared to. Norm-referenced testing evaluates an individual's performance against a norm group—the distribution of scores from a representative peer sample. This yields relative standing, such as percentile ranks or standard scores, showing how a person compares to others. Criterion-referenced testing, by contrast, evaluates whether the individual has achieved predefined criteria or mastery of specific skills, regardless of how peers perform. It produces results like mastery yes/no or proficiency levels based on explicit standards. For example, a driving test determines if you meet concrete safety criteria, while a reading assessment might indicate whether you have demonstrated the required literacy skills. So, norm-referenced compares to a norm group, while criterion-referenced compares to defined criteria.